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Before European settlers arrived, the lands that now comprise Eastman were home to Creek Indian tribes. The area was thick with pine forests, wiregrass, and rivers and creeks that provided natural resources. As settlers moved in during the early to mid-19th century, large tracts of forest were harvested for timber, and farms were established, laying the foundation for the local economy.

In the aftermath of the Civil War, the arrival of the Macon and Brunswick Railroad in 1869 dramatically changed the area. What had been a rural, sparsely populated area gained a rail station called Station No. 13. Soon after, the town was laid out, donated in part by William Pitt Eastman and others, giving structure to the growing settlement. With this growth, the community diversified beyond timber into services, trade, and agriculture.

Infrastructure expanded as rail connections brought commerce. Roads, public buildings, a courthouse, schools, and municipal governance followed. The courthouse built in the early 20th century became a focal point, and additional civic structures such as hotels, business blocks, and a hotel emerged to support local growth. Civic life coalesced around these institutions, with downtown developing along the rail route.

Over time, Eastman experienced fluctuations tied to its primary industries. Timber harvesting was massive in its early years, followed by farming—especially cotton and other crops—in the mid-20th century. Later, diversifying crops, manufacturing, retail, and food-processing contributed. Businesses such as candy, pecans, and products tied to wood and agriculture became economically important.

Today Eastman is a small city that balances heritage and renewal. Properties in historic districts, older homes near downtown, and newer developments combine. Public amenities, schools, and community services are stable. Efforts toward downtown revitalization, cultural events, and economic diversification—including developing aviation services and small business growth—are underway. Eastman appeals to those who want a mix of rural charm and utility.